It's probably impossible to over-estimate the influence of William Morris on J. R. R. Tolkien. He's represented in Tales Before Tolkien by a rather short story, "The Folk of the Mountain Door," but Morris was not only familiar with the northern myths that would become part of Tolkien's life work, but also created legends of his own. Some of these foreshadow—perhaps even surpass in some respects—the later author's work. For an example, go to The Roots of the Mountains.
Morris was a writer, poet, artist, and designer, and a central figure in the Arts and Crafts movement. He was also an excellent businessman, whose designs figured throughout British, and, to a lesser extent, American homes. His company produced tiles, fabric, rugs, and stained-glass windows. It was a central tenent of the movement that objects of everyday life should be well-designed and beautiful, an ideal which may reflect the growing influence of Japanese design in Europe, but which in the hands of Morris and his fellows harkened back to an idealized version of the Medieval period and even earlier, heroic but pagan, times.
As teenager, Tolkien read Morris' translation of the sagas, and when Tolkien went to Oxford, he entered the same college, Exeter, where Morris had studied many years before. It is easy to imagine that the young man, already busy inventing languages and myths for a universe of his own, dreamed of being like Morris, at least in some aspects. Years afterward, the professor was to draw illustrations for his own stories, and to be most finicky in the choice of ink colors and manner of reproduction.
But let us begin the story. "Of old time, in the days of the kings, there was a king of folk, a mighty man in battle, a man deemed lucky by the wise, who ruled over a folk that begrudged not his kingship, whereas they knew of his valour and wisdom and saw how by his means they prevailed over other folks, so that their land was wealthy and at peace save about it uttermost borders." We who have read Lord of the Rings know of another place and time where there once was, and would be again, such a king.
(to be continued)